A Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. A 自从有人类开始，就有了长途行走的概念。原始时期，人类为了寻找猎物，从它们身上获得生存必需的食物和衣物，经常走很远的路。 Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. 纵观人类发展史，人们长途跋涉的目的很多：做生意、宗教信仰、经济利益、战争、迁移和其他类似外因。 In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. 在罗马时代，有钱的贵族和高级政府官员也会为了休闲而远行。 Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. 庞贝和赫库兰尼姆的海边景点让罗马人可以逃离到自己的乡村度假别墅避避暑、度度假。 Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies. 除了黑暗时期之外，远行不断地发展，据历史记载，它在各个时期的文化和经济发展上也起着至关重要的作用。

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B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. B 我们今天所知道的大宗旅游确切地来说是 20 世纪才开始有的现象。 Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. 历史学家认为大宗旅游始于英国工业革命时期，即中产阶级兴起、交通费用不再昂贵的时候。 The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. 二战后航空货运业兴起以及接下来 20 世纪 50 年代喷气式飞机的发展标志着国际旅行迅速发展和扩张。 This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. 这种发展引起了一种新型的重要产业的兴起：旅游业。 In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange. 反过来，国际旅游也成为很多国家政府的关注点，因为它不仅给当地提供了新的就业机会，而且带来了大量的外汇收入。

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C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. C如今，旅游业发展在经济和社会领域都起着很重要的作用。 In most industrialised countries over the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. 在发达国家，服务业在短短的几年里发生了巨大的变化， One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. 而服务行业中最大的组成部分之一，虽然不是所有人都承认，就是旅行和旅游业。 According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’. 根据世界旅游观光协会（1992 年）的数据“从增值资本投资、就业和税收贡献这些实际的经济指标来看，旅行和旅游业是世界上最大的产业”。 In 1992, the industry's gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. 在 1992 年，旅游业的实际产出大约有 35000 亿美元，占总消费支出的 12% 还多， The travel and tourism industry is the world's largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 percent of all employees. 旅行和旅游行业是世界上最大的雇主行业，提供 1 亿 3000 万岗位，占总员工数的 7%。 This industry is the world's leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world's gross national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes cadi year. 同时，旅游业也是世界的领军行业，世界国民生产总值的 6% 都来自这个行业，通过直接、间接或个人所得税的形式每年贡献资本 4200 亿美元。 Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself. 因此，旅游业对世界经济有着深刻的影响。 同时，因为旅行影响着教育和就业，所以旅游业对社会本身也有着重要的影响。

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D However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. D然而，旅游业隐藏的主要问题是这个行业本身的多样性和碎片性，这些问题隐藏或模糊了其经济效益。 The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. 旅游业包括：宾馆、旅馆和其他形式的住宿地点，娱乐地点、景点和其他形式的休闲设施；礼品店和大量其他企业。 Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. 因为大部分的这些业务也是服务当地人的，所以游客消费的影响就容易被忽视或者低估。 In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers. 而且，Meis 在 1992 年指出：旅游业涉及的业务对于分析师和决策师来说都是没有组织可循的。 Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economics. 另外，旅游业的这个问题使各个国家都很难获得可靠信息来估计其对地区、国家和世界经济的影响。 However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities. 然而，这种多样性的本质使旅游业在许多国家、地区和社区之内都是经济发展的理想工具。

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E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. E作为曾经财富的唯一来源，旅游业已经成为大多数人生活中不可分割的一部分。 In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. 实际上，McIntosh 和 Goeldner 在 1990 年说：旅游业在很多国家都已经成为了国际贸易TEST 3 · READING123的最大商品，在很多国家旅游业都成了第二、第三大商品。 For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. 比如，旅游业是希腊、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大部分加勒比国家的主要收入来源。 In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. 而且，根据美国运通公司出版物的信息，Hawkins 和 Ritchie 认为旅游业在巴哈马、巴西、加拿大、法国、前西德、中国香港、意大利、牙买加、日本、新加坡、英国和美国等国家和地区都是就业人数最多的行业。 However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. 然而，因为旅游业的定义问题，这个问题直接影响了调查数据，使获得精确、有效和可靠的旅游业就业人数或者经济影响信息是不可能的。 In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism. 在很多情况下，想要获得国内旅游业的信息也存在着同样的问题。