On 19 July 1545, English and French fleets were engaged in a sea battle off the coast of southern England in the area of water called the Solent, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight. 1945年7月19日，在英国南海岸朴茨茅斯和怀特岛中间的一片叫作索伦特的海域，英法两国的舰队处于交战之中。 Among the English vessels was a warship by the name of Mary Rose. 在英国众多的战船中，有一艘叫作玛丽·罗斯号。 Built in Portsmouth some 35 years earlier, she had had a long and successful fighting career, and was a favourite of King Henry VIII. 该船建于35年前的朴茨茅斯，她曾经拥有着一段漫长而又成功的战斗生涯，并且曾经是亨利八世的最爱。 Accounts of what happened to the ship vary: while witnesses agree that she was not hit by the French, some maintain that she was outdated, overladen and sailing too low in the water, others that she was mishandled by undisciplined crew. 关于这艘船的故事众说纷纭：虽然见证者一致认为船不是被法军击沉的，但仍一些人坚持船沉是由于过于老旧、负荷过重并且在水中航行过低，另一些人则认为是由于没有遵守要求的船员的不当操作造成的。 What is undisputed, however, is that the Mary Rose sank into the Solent that day, taking at least 500 men with her. 然而，毫无争议的是，玛丽·罗斯号在那一天沉入了索伦特海底，带走了至少500人的生命。 After the battle, attempts were made to recover the ship, but these failed. 战后，人们多次尝试复原这条船，但是都失败了。

The Mary Rose came to rest on the seabed, lying on her starboard (right) side at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. 玛丽·罗斯号以向右大约60度的角度侧翻于海底。 The hull (the body of the ship) acted as a trap for the sand and mud carried by Solent currents. 整个船体包裹着索伦特水流带来的沙子和泥土。 As a result, the starboard side filled rapidly, leaving the exposed port (left) side to be eroded by marine organisms and mechanical degradation. 因此，船的右侧很快就被填满了，使得暴露在外的左侧船体被海洋微生物和机械降解所侵蚀。 Because of the way the ship sank, nearly all of the starboard half survived intact. 正是由于这样的沉船方式，几乎所有的右舷部分都完好无损地保留了下来。 During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the entire site became covered with a layer of hard grey clay, which minimised further erosion. 在17世纪到18世纪之间，整个地区都被一层坚硬的灰色泥土覆盖住了，从而减少了进一步的侵蚀。

Then, on 16 June 1836, some fishermen in the Solent found that their equipment was caught on an underwater obstruction, which turned out to be the Mary Rose. 然后，在1836年的6月16日，索伦特的渔民们发现他们的捕鱼工具被水下的障碍物勾住了，结果发现那正是玛丽·罗斯号。 Diver John Deane happened to be exploring another sunken ship nearby, and the fishermen approached him, asking him to free their gear. 潜水员John Deane恰巧在附近搜索另一条沉船，渔民们找到他，请他帮忙解开他们的齿轮。 Deane dived down, and found the equipment caught on a timber protruding slightly from the seabed. Deane潜入水底，发现捕鱼工具勾在了一块从海底微微探出的木头上。 Exploring further, he uncovered several other timbers and a bronze gun. 进一步的探索后，他发现了很多其他的木材和一把青铜枪。 Deane continued diving on the site intermittently until 1840, recovering several more guns, two bows, various timbers, part of a pump and various other small finds. Deane断断续续地持续潜入这片海域直到1840年，他发现了更多的枪、两把弓、多种多样的木材、一台抽水机的一部分和各种各样的其他发现。

The Mary Rose then faded into obscurity for another hundred years. 这之后玛丽·罗斯号又消失了数百年。 But in 1965, military historian and amateur diver Alexander McKee, in conjunction with the British Sub-Aqua Club, initiated a project called 'Solent Ships'. 但是，在1965年，军事历史学家和业余潜水员Alexander McKee, 与英国潜水俱乐部协力创建了一个名为“索伦特船只”的项目。 While on paper this was a plan to examine a number of known wrecks in the Solent, what McKee really hoped for was to find the Mary Rose. 虽然从报纸上看这是一个旨在检查索伦特的诸多已发现沉船的计划，其实McKee真正希望寻找的是玛丽·罗斯号。 Ordinary search techniques proved unsatisfactory, so McKee entered into collaboration with Harold E. Edgerton, professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 普通的搜寻技术并不让人满意，所以McKee决定与麻省理工学院的电气工程教授Harold E. Edgerton共同合作。 In 1967, Edgerton's side-scan sonar systems revealed a large, unusually shaped object, which McKee believed was the Mary Rose. 在1967年，Edgerton的旁侧声纳系统发现了一个巨大的、形状异乎寻常的物体，McKee相信这正是玛丽·罗斯号。

Further excavations revealed stray pieces of timber and an iron gun. 进一步的挖掘发现了一些零碎的木块和一把铁枪。 But the climax to the operation came when, on 5 May 1971, part of the ship's frame was uncovered. 但是整个运作过程中的高潮发生在1971年的5月5日，船的一部分框架被发现了。 McKee and his team now knew for certain that they had found the wreck, but were as yet unaware that it also housed a treasure trove of beautifully preserved artefacts. McKee和他的团队现在确切地了解到他们已经发现了沉船，但是尚未意识到船中还保存着一个装满精美手工艺品的宝藏。 Interest in the project grew, and in 1979, The Mary Rose Trust was formed, with Prince Charles as its President and Dr Margaret Rule its Archaeological Director. 人们对于这个项目的兴趣增加了，并且在1979年，玛丽罗斯基金会建立了起来，查尔斯王子担任该基金会的主席，Margaret Rule博士担任其考古负责人。 The decision whether or not to salvage the wreck was not an easy one, although an excavation in 1978 had shown that it might be possible to raise the hull. 是否应该打捞沉船并不是一个容易作出的决定，尽管1978年的挖掘已经证明吊起整个船体是有可能的。 While the original aim was to raise the hull if at all feasible, the operation was not given the go-ahead until January 1982, when all the necessary information was available. 虽然起初的目标是如果可行的话要提起船体，但是这个操作并没有得到准许，直到1982年1月，所有必要的信息才都准备就绪。

An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open shell. 打捞玛丽·罗斯号的一个重要问题在于保留下来的船体是一个张开的外壳。 This led to an important decision being taken: namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very distinct stages. 这导致了一个重要决定的制定：即分三个不同的步骤来执行这项吊起任务。 The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. 船体通过一个由螺母和金属丝制成的网子固定在一个吊架上。 The problem of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks. 船体被向下吸在泥中的问题通过使用12个千斤顶的方法得以解决。 These raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. 这些千斤顶在接下来的许多天中将船吊起了好几厘米，随着吊架慢慢上升露出了它的四根支柱。 It was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage. 只有当船体被吊架顺利挂起，脱离海底及其周围泥巴的吸力之后，打捞工作的第二阶段才能开展起来。 In this stage, the lifting frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. 在这一阶段，吊架被固定在吊车的一个钩子上，船体完全地脱离了海底，并且将水中的部分转移到一个支船架上。 This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the 'stabbing guides' of the lifting cradle. 这要求精确的放置来将支柱放进支架的“对扣器”之中。 The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological survey drawings, and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hull's delicate timber framework. 通过使用考古调查图，吊架被设计得刚好适合船体的形状，并且用气囊固定住来为船体精美的木质框架提供额外的缓冲保护。 The third and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by which time the hull was also supported from below. 第三并且是最后一步是将整个结构在空中吊起，在此时船体仍然从底部被支撑着。 Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to Portsmouth. 最终，在1982年10月11日，数百万来自世界各地的人们屏息等待着玛丽·罗斯号的木质骨架从水中被完全吊起，准备好被运送回家乡朴茨茅斯。