[C7T2P3]Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project
Section A
The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s.
SECTION A 很多针对非洲传统道路交通的调查结果非常令人失望，因此有一些专家开始重新思考早在20 世纪80 年代初期就开始着手的关于解决农村交通问题的战略。
A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south- western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.
坦桑尼亚西南部偏远地区Makete 希望在改善现有交通状况方面得到帮助，而这一举措为寻找解决交通问题的新办法提供了机会。
The concept of ‘integrated rural transport' was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district.
此次在对农村家庭交通需求进行调查时采用了“农村综合交通”的概念。
The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system.
此次调查的目的是，通过改善农村交通体系，使人们在获取生活必需品及服务等方面能够省时省力。
The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities.
人们期望把节省下来的时间用于改善社区的社会与经济发展。
The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government.
从1985 年开始，Makete 农村综合交通调查项目（MIRTP）便得到了瑞士发展公司（SWC）的资金支持，并且在坦桑尼亚政府的帮助下协调各方面关系。
27
Section B When the project began, Makete District was
Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood.
在找到解决办法之前，需要先找到问题的症结所在。
Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase Ⅰ, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research.
鉴于大家对农村家庭的交通诉求几乎一无所知，所以第一阶段，也就是从1985 年12 月至1987年12 月期间，主要进行相关的交通调查。
The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa.
一项针对这里400 户家庭的社会经济调查显示，Makete 地区的每户家庭平均每天要在路上及运输货物上花费7 小时。这一数据似乎很极端，但在非洲其他农村地区，情况也的确如此。
Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.
关于这里的交通状况，还有几个有意思的发现：95% 的人外出靠步行； 80% 的人不出远门；70% 的人把时间花在寻找水源和柴火上，或去磨坊的路上。
28
Section C Having
An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district.
通过改善交通网络来保障该地区的货物进出口被认为是必要的。
These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour.
此前的改进方法主要依靠当地的劳动力。
In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services.
除了道路，这些改进还包括对交通运作原理及公共汽车和卡车服务等方面的培训。
However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.
然而，与传统方法不同的是，这次除了道路体系之外，还考虑到了当地人对交通状况的需求。
Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous .
从前，大部分的货物是通过抄近道或者沿下坡山路来进行运输的，但是这样的小路非常危险，并且使得徒步出行变得异常艰辛。
It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.
因此，通过修建台阶、扶手和人行桥来改善道路状况是很有意义的。
It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles.
很难找到一种比走路更有效率但却比汽车工艺要求更低的交通方式了。
The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts.
由于买车成本太高而且很难搞到零部件，所以自行车的使用受到了限制。
Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district.
牛在这一区域根本没有被使用，而北部地区却有几户人家用到了毛驴。
MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept.
根据现有的条件、人们的消费水平及认可程度，MIRTP 项目致力于找到一种最适合当地居民的交通手段。
After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys - a donkey costs less than a bicycle- and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow .
经过了仔细的研究后，项目组最终决定推广毛驴的使用（毛驴的使用成本比自行车低），并且引进一种可以在当地生产的手推车。
Section D
At the end of Phase Ⅱ, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete's transport problems had had different degrees of success.
SECTION D 在第二阶段结束时，很明显的是，针对Makete 交通问题所选用的几种解决方法都取得了不同程度的成功。
Phase Ⅲ, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutionalisation of these activities.
第三阶段从1991 年3 月开始至1993 年3 月结束，它的主要任务是进一步完善这些举措并使其制度化。
The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year.
道路及相关保养体系的改进，使这一地区现在全年都能与外界保持联系。
Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before.
外来的生活必需品在市场随处可见，并且商品的价格也不再像以前那样有很大的波动。
Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance.
只有在那些愿意参与建设和保养公路的社区提出要求后，乡间小路和二级公路才会被改进。
However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.
然而，这些经过改进的公路给当地居民留下了深刻的印象，所以在仅仅几条道路得到改善后，寻求帮助的呼声便越来越高。
The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them.
由于大部分机动车在这一地区抛锚后找不到可以维修的地方，所以那些改善现有交通服务效率的努力也不是很成功。
Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district.
同时由于该地区大部分家庭都较为贫困，所以即使是引进很廉价的交通工具也很难得以执行。
The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households.
除了为数不多的几户家庭以外，绝大多数家庭都认为自制的手推车太过昂贵。
Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs.
当地的木匠随即对手推车的原始设计做了改进，从而缩短了生产时间并且降低了成本。
Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests.
其他的木匠也就新设计的手推车接受了相应的培训，以便能对其他需求做相应的调整。
Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow , is still too expensive for most people.
然而，在Makete 地区，一个产自本地的木制独轮手推车价值约5,000 坦桑尼亚先令（不到20 美元），虽然其价钱仅为铁质手推车的1/4，但它对于大多数人来说仍然很昂贵。
Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute , in particular , to the transportation of crops and goods to market.
从外地引进的毛驴已经变得越来越普遍，这些毛驴在向市场运送粮食和货物时起到了尤为重要的作用。
Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding , donkeys should become more affordable .
购买毛驴的人大都来自富裕家庭，但是随着当地繁殖量的增长，越来越多的家庭能够买得起毛驴了。
Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.
同时，此项目的创始人也在当地推广出租现有的毛驴。
It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000 Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household's income over half a year.
然而，需要注意的是虽然一头价值20, 000 坦桑尼亚先令的毛驴要比一辆自行车便宜，但这项投资却等同于一户普通家庭半年多的收入。
This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.
这点很明显地说明了，如果我们想帮助农村的贫困人口，一些辅助的措施是必不可少的。
29
Section E It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a’top-down' approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. SECTION E MIRTP 项目早期采用一种“自上而下”的方法，即先做决定，然后再传达到各个社区。想要批评这种方法是件很容易的事，但在那时，从当地政府当局层面来开展这一进程是相当有必要的。 It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities. 如果没有当地政府的支持和理解，很难对当地村民和居民提出的请求做出回应。30
Section F Today, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. SECTION F 如今，当地没有人对改善道路和使用廉价交通工具的重要性提出异议。 But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period, particularly from the officers in charge of community development. 但是，这是长期努力工作的结果，尤其是那些管理社区发展的政府官员的努力。 They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities. 这些官员在提升农村地区人们对交通的意识和兴趣方面发挥了非常重要的作用。
The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start.
现如今，在坦桑尼亚农村综合交通的观念已经深入人心，并且该国一个大型的农村交通项目也即将启动。
The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative , and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.
来自Makete 的经验也将帮助这一项目的启动，并且Makete 地区也将会成为未来相关工作的一个参考。
